{"id":18,"date":"2020-11-19T14:35:23","date_gmt":"2020-11-19T14:35:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/superoxide-dismutase.eu\/?p=18"},"modified":"2021-01-04T14:23:14","modified_gmt":"2021-01-04T14:23:14","slug":"dpph-method","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/superoxide-dismutase.eu\/de\/dpph-methode\/","title":{"rendered":"DPPH-Methode"},"content":{"rendered":"

ZELLSCH\u00c4DEN UND ROS<\/b><\/h2>\n

Zellsch\u00e4den werden durch reaktive Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) induziert. ROS sind freie Radikale, reaktive Anionen mit Sauerstoffatomen oder sauerstoffhaltige Molek\u00fcle, die in der Lage sind, freie Radikale zu erzeugen. Einige Beispiele sind Hydroxylradikal, Superoxid und Wasserstoffperoxid.<\/p>\n

Die Hauptquelle von ROS in vivo ist die aerobe Atmung, aber ROS werden auch bei der Beta-Oxidation von Fetts\u00e4uren, beim Metabolismus xenobiotischer Verbindungen durch Cytochrom P450, bei der Phagozytose-Stimulation von Pathogenen oder Lipopolysacchariden usw. produziert. ROS und oxidativer Stress im Allgemeinen sind an einigen chronischen Erkrankungen wie Alzheimer- und Parkinson-Krankheit, Krebs und Alterung beteiligt.<\/p>\n

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DAS SUPEROXID-RADIKAL<\/b><\/h2>\n

Ausgehend von einem O2-Molek\u00fcl und der Anlagerung eines Elektrons an das \u00e4u\u00dfere Orbital entsteht das Reduktionsprodukt des molekularen Sauerstoffs: das Superoxidanion (O2 .- ). Es wird bei der oxidativen Phosphorylierung, durch Enzyme (z. B. Xanthinoxidase) und Leukozyten gebildet. Aufgrund seiner Toxizit\u00e4t haben alle aeroben Organismen verschiedene Isoformen des Gegenenzyms entwickelt: die Superoxid-Dismutase (SOD). SOD ist ein sehr effizientes Enzym, das in der Lage ist, das Superoxid-Anion mit zwei H+ zu verbinden und die Dismutationsreaktion durch einen metallbasierten Co-Faktor zu katalysieren, wobei H2O2 und O2 als Endprodukte entstehen. Wenn das Superoxid-Anion nicht richtig und rechtzeitig inaktiviert wird, kann es Sch\u00e4den an Membranen, Lipiden, Proteinen und DNA verursachen.<\/p>\n

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ENZYMATISCHE INAKTIVIERUNG DES SUPEROXIDS <\/b><\/h2>\n

Unter normalen Bedingungen werden in unserem K\u00f6rper ROS durch Enzyme wie Superoxiddismutase (SOD), Katalase (CAT) und Glutathionperoxidase (GPx) inaktiviert. SOD ist ein Schl\u00fcsselenzym, das in der Lage ist, das Superoxid-Radikal zu inaktivieren, eine der reaktivsten und daher gef\u00e4hrlichsten Radikalarten.<\/p>\n

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DIE SUPEROXID-DISMUTASE ENZIME <\/b><\/h2>\n

Um die sch\u00e4dlichen Auswirkungen von ROS zu reduzieren, haben Zellen verschiedene Abwehrstrategien entwickelt, darunter enzymatische und nicht-enzymatische Systeme. Betrachtet man die antioxidativen Enzyme, so spielen einige von ihnen eine pr\u00e4ventive Rolle, indem sie ROS direkt eliminieren. Unter diesen Enzymen ist die Superoxid-Dismutase die erste Verteidigungslinie, die das Superoxid-Anion entfernt, das erste und reaktivste Radikal, das von molekularem Sauerstoff stammt. SOD ist daher eines der wichtigsten antioxidativen Abwehrsysteme, das in fast allen Zellen, die Sauerstoff ausgesetzt sind, vorhanden ist. Die von SOD katalysierte Reaktion ist eine Dismutation mit einer Kinetik zweiter Ordnung, die auf den folgenden Halbreaktionen basiert:<\/p>\n

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DPPH-Methode <\/b><\/h2>\n

Die antiradikale Kapazit\u00e4t wurde mit der DPPH-Methode bewertet. Die Probe wird in eine konzentrierte L\u00f6sung eines freien Standardradikals (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) gegeben und dessen Konzentration spektrophotometrisch gemessen, um die F\u00e4higkeit des Phytokomplexes, die Radikale zu l\u00f6schen, zu beurteilen. Superox-D hat eine hohe antiradikale Kapazit\u00e4t aufgrund von Quenching-Mechanismen.<\/p>\n

16-mal mehr antiradikalisch im Vergleich zu Melone<\/p>\n

37-fache antiradikale Wirkung im Vergleich zu SOD aus Melone<\/p>\n

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REFERENZEN<\/b><\/h3>\n

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Vouldoukis I, Conti M, Krauss P, et al. Supplementation with gliadin-combined plant superoxide dismutase extract promotes antioxidant defences and protects against oxidative stress. Phytother Res. 2004 Dec;18(12):957-62.<\/p>\n

Vouldoukis I, Lacan D, Kamate C, et al. Antioxidative und entz\u00fcndungshemmende Eigenschaften eines Extraktes aus Cucumis melo LC. reich an Superoxid-Dismutase-Aktivit\u00e4t. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Sep;94(1):67-75.<\/p>\n

Muth CM, Glenz Y, Klaus M, et al. Influence of an orally effective SOD on hyperbaric oxygen-related cell damage. Free Radic Res. 2004 Sep;38(9):927-32.<\/p>\n

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Petersen SV, Oury TD, Ostergaard L, et al. Extrazellul\u00e4re Superoxiddismutase (EC-SOD) bindet an Typ i Kollagen und sch\u00fctzt vor oxidativer Fragmentierung. J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 2;279(14):13705-10.<\/p>\n

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Fattman CL, Schaefer LM, Oury TD. Extrazellul\u00e4re Superoxid-Dismutase in Biologie und Medizin. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003 Aug 1;35(3):236-56.<\/p>\n

Chung JM. Die Rolle von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) bei anhaltenden Schmerzen. Mol Interv. 2004 Oct;4(5):248-50.<\/p>\n

Bae SC, Kim SJ, Sung MK. Unzureichende antioxidative N\u00e4hrstoffzufuhr und ver\u00e4nderter antioxidativer Plasmastatus von Patienten mit rheumatoider Arthritis. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Aug;22(4):311-5.<\/p>\n

Zawadzka-Bartczak E. Aktivit\u00e4ten der antioxidativen Enzyme der roten Blutk\u00f6rperchen (SOD, GPx) und die gesamte antioxidative Kapazit\u00e4t des Serums (TAS) bei M\u00e4nnern mit koronarer Atherosklerose und bei gesunden Piloten. Med Sci Monit. 2005 Sep;11(9):CR440-4.<\/p>\n

Gow A, Ischiropoulos H. Super-SOD: Superoxid-Dismutase-Chim\u00e4re bek\u00e4mpft Entz\u00fcndungen. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2003 Jun;284(6):L915-6.<\/p>\n

Flohe L. Superoxid-Dismutase f\u00fcr den therapeutischen Einsatz: klinische Erfahrungen, Sackgassen und Hoffnungen. Mol Cell Biochem. 1988 Dec;84(2):123-31.<\/p>\n

Carlo MD, Jr., Loeser RF. Erh\u00f6hter oxidativer Stress mit dem Altern reduziert das \u00dcberleben von Chondrozyten: Korrelation mit dem intrazellul\u00e4ren Glutathionspiegel. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Dec;48(12):3419-30.<\/p>\n

Junqueira VB, Barros SB, Chan SS, et al. Aging and oxidative stress. Mol Aspects Med. 2004 Feb;25(1-2):5-16.<\/p>\n

Vina J, Lloret A, Orti R, Alonso D. Molecular bases of the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with antioxidants: prevention of oxidative stress. Mol Aspects Med. 2004 Feb;25(1-2):117-23.<\/p>\n

Okada F, Shionoya H, Kobayashi M, et al. Prevention of inflammation-mediated acquisition of metastatic properties of benign mouse fibrosarcoma cells by administration of an orally available SOD. Br J Cancer. 2006 Mar 27;94(6):854-62.<\/p>\n

Benedetti S, Lamorgese A, Piersantelli M, Pagliarani S, Benvenuti F, Canestrari F. Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in patients undergoing prolonged exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. Clin Biochem. 2004 Apr;37(4):312-7.<\/p>\n

Dennog C, Radermacher P, Barnett YA, Speit G. Antioxidantienstatus beim Menschen nach Exposition mit hyperbarem Sauerstoff. Mutat Res. 1999 Jul 16;428(1-2):83-9.<\/p>\n

Levin ED. Extrazellul\u00e4re Superoxid-Dismutase (EC-SOD) l\u00f6scht freie Radikale und mildert den altersbedingten kognitiven Verfall: M\u00f6glichkeiten f\u00fcr die Entwicklung neuer Medikamente im Alter. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2005 Apr;2(2):191-6. R<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

CELL DAMAGES AND ROS Cell damages are induced by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS are free radicals, reactive anions containing oxygen atoms or\u00a0oxygen containing molecules able to generate free radicals. Some examples are hydroxyl radical, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Main source of ROS in vivo is aerobic respiration, but ROS are also produced during beta-oxidation […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1494,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"yoast_head":"\nDPPH Method - Superoxide Dismutase<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cell damages are induced by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). 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