{"id":18,"date":"2020-11-19T14:35:23","date_gmt":"2020-11-19T14:35:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/superoxide-dismutase.eu\/?p=18"},"modified":"2021-01-04T14:23:14","modified_gmt":"2021-01-04T14:23:14","slug":"dpph-method","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/superoxide-dismutase.eu\/es\/metodo-dpph-2\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00e9todo DPPH"},"content":{"rendered":"

DA\u00d1OS CELULARES Y ROS<\/b><\/h2>\n

Los da\u00f1os celulares son inducidos por las Especies Reactivas de Ox\u00edgeno (ROS). Las ROS son radicales libres, aniones reactivos que contienen \u00e1tomos de ox\u00edgeno o mol\u00e9culas de ox\u00edgeno capaces de generar radicales libres. Algunos ejemplos son el radical hidroxilo, el super\u00f3xido y el per\u00f3xido de hidr\u00f3geno.<\/p>\n

La principal fuente de SRO in vivo es la respiraci\u00f3n aer\u00f3bica, pero tambi\u00e9n se producen SRO durante la beta-oxidaci\u00f3n de los \u00e1cidos grasos, en el metabolismo de los compuestos xenobi\u00f3ticos a trav\u00e9s del citocromo P450, en la estimulaci\u00f3n de la fagocitosis de los pat\u00f3genos o los lipopolisac\u00e1ridos, etc. El ROS y el estr\u00e9s oxidativo en general est\u00e1n involucrados en algunas condiciones cr\u00f3nicas como el Alzheimer y la enfermedad de Parkinson, el c\u00e1ncer y el envejecimiento.<\/p>\n

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EL RADICAL SUPER\u00d3XIDO<\/b><\/h2>\n

Partiendo de una mol\u00e9cula de O2 y a\u00f1adiendo un electr\u00f3n al orbital externo el producto de reducci\u00f3n del ox\u00edgeno molecular: el ani\u00f3n super\u00f3xido (O2.- ). Se produce durante la fosforilaci\u00f3n oxidativa, por las enzimas (es decir, la xantina oxidasa) y los leucocitos. Debido a su toxicidad, todos los organismos aer\u00f3bicos desarrollaron diferentes isoformas de la enzima antagonista: la super\u00f3xido dismutasa (SOD). La SOD es una enzima muy eficiente capaz de combinar el ani\u00f3n super\u00f3xido con dos H+ catalizando la reacci\u00f3n de dismutaci\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s de un cofactor basado en el metal que produce H2O2 y O2 como productos finales. Si no se inactiva adecuada y r\u00e1pidamente el ani\u00f3n super\u00f3xido puede crear da\u00f1os en los l\u00edpidos de las membranas, las prote\u00ednas y el ADN.<\/p>\n

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INACTIVACI\u00d3N ENZIM\u00c1TICA DEL SUPER\u00d3XIDO <\/b><\/h2>\n

En condiciones normales, en nuestro cuerpo, los ROS se inactivan a trav\u00e9s de enzimas como la super\u00f3xido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutati\u00f3n peroxidasa (GPx). La SOD es una enzima clave capaz de inactivar el radical super\u00f3xido, una de las especies de radicales m\u00e1s reactivas y por lo tanto m\u00e1s peligrosas.<\/p>\n

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LA ENZIMA SUPER\u00d3XIDO DISMUTASA <\/b><\/h2>\n

Para reducir los efectos nocivos de la SRO, las c\u00e9lulas han desarrollado diferentes estrategias defensivas que incluyen sistemas enzim\u00e1ticos y no enzim\u00e1ticos. Teniendo en cuenta las enzimas antioxidantes, algunas de ellas est\u00e1n desempe\u00f1ando un papel preventivo eliminando directamente el ROS. Entre estas enzimas la super\u00f3xido dismutasa es la primera l\u00ednea de defensa que elimina el ani\u00f3n super\u00f3xido, el primer y m\u00e1s reactivo radical derivado del ox\u00edgeno molecular. Por lo tanto, la SOD es uno de los principales sistemas de defensa antioxidante presente en casi todas las c\u00e9lulas expuestas al ox\u00edgeno. La reacci\u00f3n catalizada por la SOD es una dismutaci\u00f3n con una cin\u00e9tica de segundo orden basada en las siguientes reacciones medias:<\/p>\n

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M\u00e9todo DPPH <\/b><\/h2>\n

La capacidad antirradical se ha evaluado mediante el m\u00e9todo DPPH. La muestra se coloca en una soluci\u00f3n concentrada de un radical libre est\u00e1ndar (1,1-difenil-2-picril-hidrac\u00edlo) y su concentraci\u00f3n se mide mediante espectrofotometr\u00eda para evaluar la capacidad del fitocomplejo para sofocar los radicales. Superox-D tiene una gran capacidad antirradical debido a los mecanismos de enfriamiento.<\/p>\n

16 veces m\u00e1s antirradicales en comparaci\u00f3n con el mel\u00f3n<\/p>\n

37 veces m\u00e1s antirradicales en comparaci\u00f3n con la SOD del mel\u00f3n<\/p>\n

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REFERENCIAS<\/b><\/h3>\n

Doddigarla Z Correlaci\u00f3n de los niveles s\u00e9ricos de cromo, zinc, magnesio y SOD con la HbA1c en la diabetes de tipo 2: Un an\u00e1lisis transversal. S\u00edndrome del metabolismo diab\u00e9tico. 2016 Enero-Marzo;10(1 Suppl 1):S126-9. doi: 10.1.<\/p>\n

Vouldoukis I, Conti M, Krauss P, et al. La suplementaci\u00f3n con extracto de super\u00f3xido dismutasa vegetal combinado con gliadina promueve las defensas antioxidantes y protege contra el estr\u00e9s oxidativo. Phytother Res. 2004 Dec;18(12):957-62.<\/p>\n

Vouldoukis I, Lacan D, Kamate C, et al. Propiedades antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias de un extracto de Cucumis melo LC. rico en actividad super\u00f3xido dismutasa. J Etnofarmacol. 2004 Sep;94(1):67-75.<\/p>\n

Muth CM, Glenz Y, Klaus M, et al. Influencia de una SOD oralmente efectiva en el da\u00f1o celular relacionado con el ox\u00edgeno hiperb\u00e1rico. Free Radic Res. 2004 Sep;38(9):927-32.<\/p>\n

Barouki R. Envejecimiento de los radicales libres y estr\u00e9s celular. Med Sci (Par\u00eds). 2006 Mar;22(3):266-72.<\/p>\n

Faraci FM, Didion SP. Protecci\u00f3n vascular: isoformas de super\u00f3xido dismutasa en la pared del vaso. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004 Aug;24(8):1367-73.<\/p>\n

Fukai T, Folz RJ, Landmesser U, Harrison DG. Super\u00f3xido dismutasa extracelular y enfermedad cardiovascular. Cardiovasc Res. 2002 Aug 1;55(2):239-49.<\/p>\n

Petersen SV, Oury TD, Ostergaard L, et al. La super\u00f3xido dismutasa extracelular (EC-SOD) se une al col\u00e1geno de tipo i y protege contra la fragmentaci\u00f3n oxidativa. J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 2;279(14):13705-10.<\/p>\n

Maier CM, Chan PH. Papel de las super\u00f3xido dismutasas en el da\u00f1o oxidativo y los trastornos neurodegenerativos. Neurocient\u00edfico. 2002 Ago;8(4):323-34.<\/p>\n

Fattman CL, Schaefer LM, Oury TD. La super\u00f3xido dismutasa extracelular en biolog\u00eda y medicina. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003 Aug 1;35(3):236-56.<\/p>\n

Chung JM. El papel de las especies reactivas de ox\u00edgeno (ROS) en el dolor persistente. Mol Interv. 2004 Oct;4(5):248-50.<\/p>\n

Bae SC, Kim SJ, Sung MK. La ingesta inadecuada de nutrientes antioxidantes y la alteraci\u00f3n del estado del plasma antioxidante de los pacientes con artritis reumatoide. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Aug;22(4):311-5.<\/p>\n

Zawadzka-Bartczak E. Actividades de las enzimas antioxidantes de los gl\u00f3bulos rojos (SOD, GPx) y la capacidad antioxidante total del suero (TAS) en hombres con aterosclerosis coronaria y en pilotos sanos. Med Sci Monit. 2005 Sep;11(9):CR440-4.<\/p>\n

Gow A, Ischiropoulos H. Super-SOD: quimera de super\u00f3xido dismutasa que combate la inflamaci\u00f3n. Am J Physiol C\u00e9lula pulmonar Mol Physiol. 2003 Jun;284(6):L915-6.<\/p>\n

Flohe L. Super\u00f3xido dismutasa de uso terap\u00e9utico: experiencia cl\u00ednica, callejones sin salida y esperanzas. Bioqu\u00edmica de la c\u00e9lula de Mol. 1988 Dic;84(2):123-31.<\/p>\n

Carlo MD, Jr., Loeser RF. El aumento del estr\u00e9s oxidativo con el envejecimiento reduce la supervivencia de los condrocitos: correlaci\u00f3n con los niveles de glutati\u00f3n intracelular. Artritis Reum. 2003 Dic;48(12):3419-30.<\/p>\n

Junqueira VB, Barros SB, Chan SS, et al. Envejecimiento y estr\u00e9s oxidativo. Mol Aspects Med. 2004 Feb;25(1-2):5-16.<\/p>\n

Vina J, Lloret A, Orti R, Alonso D. Bases moleculares del tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer con antioxidantes: prevenci\u00f3n del estr\u00e9s oxidativo. Aspectos moleculares Med. 2004 Feb;25(1-2):117-23.<\/p>\n

Okada F, Shionoya H, Kobayashi M, y otros. Prevenci\u00f3n de la adquisici\u00f3n, por medio de la inflamaci\u00f3n, de las propiedades metast\u00e1sicas de las c\u00e9lulas del fibrosarcoma benigno de rat\u00f3n mediante la administraci\u00f3n de una SOD disponible por v\u00eda oral. Br J Cancer. 2006 Mar 27;94(6):854-62.<\/p>\n

Benedetti S, Lamorgese A, Piersantelli M, Pagliarani S, Benvenuti F, Canestrari F. Estr\u00e9s oxidativo y estado antioxidante en pacientes sometidos a una exposici\u00f3n prolongada al ox\u00edgeno hiperb\u00e1rico. Clin Biochem. 2004 Abr;37(4):312-7.<\/p>\n

Dennog C, Radermacher P, Barnett YA, Speit G. Estado antioxidante en los humanos despu\u00e9s de la exposici\u00f3n al ox\u00edgeno hiperb\u00e1rico. Mutat Res. 1999 Jul 16;428(1-2):83-9.<\/p>\n

Levin ED. La super\u00f3xido dismutasa extracelular (EC-SOD) apaga los radicales libres y aten\u00faa el declive cognitivo relacionado con la edad: oportunidades para el desarrollo de nuevas drogas en el envejecimiento. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2005 Apr;2(2):191-6. R<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

CELL DAMAGES AND ROS Cell damages are induced by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS are free radicals, reactive anions containing oxygen atoms or\u00a0oxygen containing molecules able to generate free radicals. Some examples are hydroxyl radical, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Main source of ROS in vivo is aerobic respiration, but ROS are also produced during beta-oxidation […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1494,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"yoast_head":"\nDPPH Method - Superoxide Dismutase<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cell damages are induced by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). 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