{"id":18,"date":"2020-11-19T14:35:23","date_gmt":"2020-11-19T14:35:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/superoxide-dismutase.eu\/?p=18"},"modified":"2021-01-04T14:23:14","modified_gmt":"2021-01-04T14:23:14","slug":"dpph-method","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/superoxide-dismutase.eu\/it\/metodo-dpph-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Metodo DPPH"},"content":{"rendered":"

DANNI ALLE CELLULE E ROS<\/b><\/h2>\n

I danni alle cellule sono indotti da specie reattive dell'ossigeno (ROS). I ROS sono radicali liberi, anioni reattivi contenenti atomi di ossigeno o molecole contenenti ossigeno in grado di generare radicali liberi. Alcuni esempi sono il radicale idrossile, il superossido e il perossido di idrogeno.<\/p>\n

La principale fonte di ROS in vivo \u00e8 la respirazione aerobica, ma i ROS sono anche prodotti durante la beta-ossidazione degli acidi grassi, nel metabolismo dei composti xenobiotici attraverso il citocromo P450, nella stimolazione della fagocitosi di patogeni o lipopolisaccaridi, ecc. Il ROS e lo stress ossidativo in generale sono coinvolti in alcune condizioni croniche come il morbo di Alzheimer e il morbo di Parkinson, il cancro e l'invecchiamento.<\/p>\n

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IL RADICALE SUPEROSSIDO<\/b><\/h2>\n

Partendo da una molecola di O2 e aggiungendo un elettrone all'orbitale esterno il prodotto di riduzione dell'ossigeno molecolare: l'anione superossido (O2 .- ). Esso viene prodotto durante la fosforilazione ossidativa, da enzimi (es. xantina ossidasi) e leucociti. A causa della sua tossicit\u00e0 tutti gli organismi aerobici hanno sviluppato diverse isoforme dell'enzima antagonista: la superossido dismutasi (SOD). La SOD \u00e8 un enzima molto efficiente in grado di combinare l'anione superossido con due H+ catalizzando la reazione di dismutazione attraverso un co-fattore a base metallica che produce H2O2 e O2 come prodotti finali. Se non correttamente e prontamente inattivato l'anione superossido pu\u00f2 creare danni alle membrane lipidiche, proteine e DNA.<\/p>\n

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INATTIVAZIONE ENZIMATICA DEL SUPEROSSIDO <\/b><\/h2>\n

In condizioni normali, nel nostro corpo, i ROS sono inattivati attraverso enzimi come la superossido dismutasi (SOD), la catalasi (CAT) e la glutatione perossidasi (GPx). La SOD \u00e8 un enzima chiave in grado di inattivare il radicale superossido, una delle specie radicali pi\u00f9 reattive e quindi pi\u00f9 pericolose.<\/p>\n

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IL SUPEROSSIDO DISMUTASI ENZIMA <\/b><\/h2>\n

Per ridurre gli effetti dannosi del ROS, le cellule hanno sviluppato diverse strategie difensive che includono sistemi enzimatici e non enzimatici. Considerando gli enzimi antiossidanti, alcuni di questi svolgono un ruolo preventivo eliminando direttamente il ROS. Tra questi enzimi la superossido dismutasi \u00e8 la prima linea di difesa che elimina l'anione superossido, il primo e pi\u00f9 reattivo radicale derivato dall'ossigeno molecolare. La SOD \u00e8 quindi uno dei principali sistemi difensivi antiossidanti presenti in quasi tutte le cellule esposte all'ossigeno. La reazione catalizzata della SOD \u00e8 una dismutazione con una cinetica di secondo ordine basata sulle seguenti mezze reazioni:<\/p>\n

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Metodo DPPH <\/b><\/h2>\n

La capacit\u00e0 antiradicalica \u00e8 stata valutata con il metodo DPPH. Il campione viene posto in una soluzione concentrata di un radicale libero standard (1,1-difenil-2-picristallo-idrazile) e la sua concentrazione viene misurata tramite spettrofotometria per valutare la capacit\u00e0 del fitocomplesso di estinguere i radicali. Superox-D ha un'elevata capacit\u00e0 antiradicale dovuta ai meccanismi di estinzione.<\/p>\n

16 pieghe pi\u00f9 antiradicaliche rispetto al melone<\/p>\n

37 pieghe pi\u00f9 antiradicaliche rispetto alla SOD da melone<\/p>\n

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RIFERIMENTI<\/b><\/h3>\n

Doddigarla Z Correlazione dei livelli sierici di cromo, zinco, magnesio e SOD con HbA1c nel diabete di tipo 2: Un'analisi in sezione trasversale. Sindrome del diabete metabico. 2016 gennaio-marzo;10(1 Suppl. 1):S126-9. doi: 10.1.<\/p>\n

Vouldoukis I, Conti M, Krauss P, et al. L'integrazione con l'estratto di superossido dismutasi vegetale combinato con gliadina favorisce le difese antiossidanti e protegge dallo stress ossidativo. Phytother Res. 2004 Dic;18(12):957-62.<\/p>\n

Vouldoukis I, Lacan D, Kamate C, et al. Propriet\u00e0 antiossidanti e antinfiammatorie di un estratto di Cucumis melo LC. ricco di superossido dismutasi. J Etnofarmaco. 2004 Sett;94(1):67-75.<\/p>\n

Muth CM, Glenz Y, Klaus M, et al. Influenza di una SOD efficace per via orale sul danno cellulare iperbarico legato all'ossigeno. Free Radic Res. 2004 Sep;38(9):927-32.<\/p>\n

Barouki R. Invecchiamento dei radicali liberi e stress cellulare. Med Sci (Parigi). 2006 Mar;22(3):266-72.<\/p>\n

Faraci FM, Didion SP. Protezione vascolare: isoforme superossido dismutasi nella parete del vaso. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004 Aug;24(8):1367-73.<\/p>\n

Fukai T, Folz RJ, Landmesser U, DG Harrison. Superossido dismutasi extracellulare e malattie cardiovascolari. Cardiovasc Res. 2002 Aug 1;55(2):239-49.<\/p>\n

Petersen SV, Oury TD, Ostergaard L, et al. La superossido dismutasi extracellulare dismutasi (EC-SOD) si lega al collagene di tipo i e protegge dalla frammentazione ossidativa. J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 2;279(14):13705-10.<\/p>\n

Maier CM, Chan PH. Ruolo dei superossido dismutasi nel danno ossidativo e nei disturbi neurodegenerativi. Neuroscienziato. 2002 agosto;8(4):323-34.<\/p>\n

Fattman CL, Schaefer LM, Oury TD. Superossido dismutasi extracellulare dismutasi in biologia e medicina. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003 1 agosto 2003; 35(3):236-56.<\/p>\n

Chung JM. Il ruolo delle specie reattive dell'ossigeno (ROS) nel dolore persistente. Intervallo di Mol. 2004 ottobre 2004;4(5):248-50.<\/p>\n

Bae SC, Kim SJ, Sung MK. Insufficiente assunzione di nutrienti antiossidanti e alterato stato antiossidante plasmatico dei pazienti con artrite reumatoide. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Aug;22(4):311-5.<\/p>\n

Zawadzka-Bartczak E. Attivit\u00e0 degli enzimi antiossidanti dei globuli rossi (SOD, GPx) e capacit\u00e0 antiossidante totale del siero (TAS) negli uomini con aterosclerosi coronarica e nei piloti sani. Med Sci Monit. 2005 Settembre;11(9):CR440-4.<\/p>\n

Gow A, Ischiropoulos H. Super-SOD: la superossido dismutasi chimera combatte l'infiammazione. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2003 Giu;284(6):L915-6.<\/p>\n

Flohe L. Superossido dismutasi per uso terapeutico: esperienza clinica, vicoli ciechi e speranze. Mol Cell Biochem. 1988 Dic;84(2):123-31.<\/p>\n

Carlo MD, Jr., Loeser RF. L'aumento dello stress ossidativo con l'invecchiamento riduce la sopravvivenza dei condrociti: correlazione con i livelli intracellulari di glutatione. Artrite reum. 2003 Dic;48(12):3419-30.<\/p>\n

Junqueira VB, Barros SB, Chan SS, et al. Invecchiamento e stress ossidativo. Aspetti Mol Aspects Med. 2004 Feb;25(1-2):5-16.<\/p>\n

Vina J, Lloret A, Orti R, Alonso D. Basi molecolari del trattamento del morbo di Alzheimer con antiossidanti: prevenzione dello stress ossidativo. Aspetti Mol Med. 2004 Feb;25(1-2):117-23.<\/p>\n

Okada F, Shionoya H, Kobayashi M, et al. Prevenzione dell'acquisizione mediata dall'infiammazione delle propriet\u00e0 metastatiche delle cellule benigne del fibrosarcoma del topo mediante la somministrazione di una SOD disponibile per via orale. Fr. J. Cancro. 2006 Mar 27;94(6):854-62.<\/p>\n

Benedetti S, Lamorgese A, Piersantelli M, Pagliarani S, Benvenuti F, Canestrari F. Stress ossidativo e stato antiossidante in pazienti sottoposti a prolungata esposizione all'ossigeno iperbarico. Clinica Biochem. 2004 Apr;37(4):312-7.<\/p>\n

Dennog C, Radermacher P, Barnett YA, Speit G. Stato antiossidante nell'uomo dopo l'esposizione all'ossigeno iperbarico. Mutat Res. 1999 16 luglio 1999; 428 (1-2): 83-9.<\/p>\n

Levin ED. La superossido dismutasi extracellulare (EC-SOD) calma i radicali liberi e attenua il declino cognitivo legato all'et\u00e0: opportunit\u00e0 per lo sviluppo di nuovi farmaci nell'invecchiamento. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2005 Apr;2(2):191-6. R<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

CELL DAMAGES AND ROS Cell damages are induced by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS are free radicals, reactive anions containing oxygen atoms or\u00a0oxygen containing molecules able to generate free radicals. Some examples are hydroxyl radical, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Main source of ROS in vivo is aerobic respiration, but ROS are also produced during beta-oxidation […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1494,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"yoast_head":"\nDPPH Method - Superoxide Dismutase<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cell damages are induced by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). 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