DPPH Method

CELL DAMAGES AND ROS

Cell damages are induced by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS are free radicals, reactive anions containing oxygen atoms or oxygen containing molecules able to generate free radicals. Some examples are hydroxyl radical, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide.

Main source of ROS in vivo is aerobic respiration, but ROS are also produced during beta-oxidation of fatty acids, in the xenobiotic compounds metabolism trough cytochrome P450, in phagocytosis stimulation of pathogens or lipopolysaccharides, etc. ROS and oxidative stress in general are involved in some chronic conditions such as Alzheimer and Parkinson disease, cancer and aging.

THE SUPEROXIDE RADICAL

Starting from an O2 molecule and adding one electron to the external orbital the reduction product of molecular oxygen: the superoxide anion (O2 .- ). It is produced during the oxidative phosphorylation, by enzymes (i.e. xanthine oxidase) and leukocytes. Due to its toxicity all aerobic organisms developed different isoforms of the antagonist enzyme: the superoxide dismutase (SOD). SOD is a very efficient enzyme able to combine the superoxide anion with two H+ catalyzing the dismutation reaction through a metal based co-factor yielding H2O2 and O2 as final products. If not properly and promptly inactivated the superoxide anion can create damages to membranes lipids, proteins and DNA.

ENZYMATIC INACTIVATION OF THE SUPEROXIDE

In normal conditions, in our body, ROS are inactivated through enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). SOD is a key enzyme able to inactivate the superoxide radical, one of the most reactive and therefore the most dangerous radical species.

THE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE ENZIME

To reduces the harmful effects of ROS, cells have developed different defensive strategies including enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems. Considering the antioxidant enzymes, some of these are playing a preventative role eliminating directly ROS. Among these enzymes superoxide dismutase is the first line of defense removing the superoxide anion, the first and most reactive radical derived by molecular oxygen. SOD is therefore one of the main antioxidant defensive system present in almost all the cells exposed to oxygen. The SOD catalyzed reaction is a dismutation with a second-order kinetic based on the following half reactions:

 

 

DPPH Method

The antiradical capacity has been assessed using the DPPH method. The sample is placed in a concentrated solution of a standard free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and its concentration is measured via spectrophotometry to assess the ability of the phytocomplex to quench the radicals. Superox-D has an high antiradical capacity due to quenching mechanisms.

16 folds more antiradical compared to melon

37 folds more antiradical compared to SOD from melon

 

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